May 22 2008 Tornado Outbreak
Under
Construction(last updated 7-01-08 1520 UTC)
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Related items of interest
Historical Tornado Cases for the Cheyenne Warning Area
Detailed Tornado Cases for the Cheyenne Warning Area
Historical Tornado Cases for the Boulder Warning Area
Historical Tornado Cases for the United States
Elevated Mixed Layer
Elevated Heating
Overview of Events
On May 22-23, 2008, a
favorable pattern for severe thunderstorms developed for the high
plains, front range and eastern
slopes of the
Rockies. Slow moving meridional troughs have historically provided some
of the more notable severe weather
outbreaks for
this region. Examples include April 23 1960 and June
14-17 1965.
This severe weather episode
was well forecasted by the ECMWF model. This model indicated that a
deep, slow moving,
meridional trough would
approach the high plains on May 22-23. It also predicted a deep trough
over New England, with
an associated
surface front behind this system through the lower midwest into
northeast Kansas, southwest Nebraska
and eastern
Wyoming. The ECMWF did an excellent job with these features well in
advance. The 144 hr ECMWF
showed a
stationary front through northern Kansas and southern Nebraska, with
strong upslope flow across western
Nebraska and
eastern Wyoming. On May 17, I expressed my thoughts about the severe weather pattern.
A tornado watch was issued by the storm prediction center at 1725 UTC (1125 am CDT) for much of northeast Colorado
and part
of southeast
Wyoming.
Towering
cumulus clouds developed southeast of Denver International Airport
around 16 UTC on May 22. By 1635 UTC,
45 dbz echoes
were noted at 23,000 ft about 3 miles northeast of the airport.
By 1657 UTC, a 61 dbz echo was located
14 miles north
of Denver at 21,000ft. The first 50 dbz on the lowest slice occurred at
1648 UTC. The first 60 dbz echo on
the lowest
slice was noted 5 miles west-southwest of Hudson at 1652 UTC. By 1701
UTC there was a 62 dbz echo up
to 26,000ft
and 47 dbz echo up to 32,000ft. The storm was severe at this
point. At 1705, the storm had 63-66 dbz echoes
northwest and west of Hudson at the lowest slice.
Radar loops
for the Colorado part of this tornado outbreak will be coming soon.
It is
well known that thunderstorms tend to develop along the front
range earlier than on the low plains. This is
because
capping tends
to be weaker due to elevated heating, and lower moisture content of the
air allows for a rapid warmup to
the convective
temperature by local noon. Also, the Laramie Ridge is above the
traditional capping level. But convection
began before local noon
on this day. The first tornado report was east of
Platteville at 1726 UTC. The tornado was
already doing
damage at this point and was reported to be 1/2 mile wide at 1727 UTC.
This tornado became very large
and damaging
and continued for 34 miles to west of Wellington, CO
through 1812 UTC. Very large hail up to baseball size
occurred
along and west of the tornado path. The tornado moved generally
to the north-northwest at 35 to 40 mph.
The storm
weakened a little as it moved northwest of Wellington, CO, but then
strengthened and accelerated as it passed
east
of Virginia
Dale. This storm produced a 2nd tornado from 1857 UTC to 1935
UTC. As already mentioned, there
may have been
a break in the damage northwest of Overlook Rd after 1922 UTC. This tornado was
accompanied by
quarter to
golfball sized hail. It is unclear whether the tornado that hit Laramie was a 3rd tornado from the same supercell
or whether the
2nd tornado continued into Laramie. The tornado in the
picture looks very small. It is more probable that
the tornado
shrunk
in size just before entering the eastern edge of
Laramie. The tornadic storm continued well
northwest
of Laramie.
Radar indicated another possible
tornado 7 miles north of
Harper, WY at 2017 UTC.
Since I have a
strong interest in high elevation severe weather, and since this was a
particularly rare and exceptional
tornado event
on the high terrain, I decided to independently document the
Wyoming part of the tornado outbreak.
This was
accomplished using the internet white pages along with live maps. But when I first started this task, I had
no names to
work with. So I ordered a phone book for Cheyenne, WY called the "Country Cowboy". I started with the
H's and after
about 5 minutes I found the name Paul Hansellman on Ramshorn
Road. Ramshorn road was close to the
tornado path.
So I called Paul Hansellman. This immediately paid off as his house was
unfortunately hit by the tornado.
He gave me 2
other names and then those people referred me to others. So information
piled up quickly. I want to thank
all those who took the time to share information over the phone.
The 1st and strongest Albany
county tornado touched down about 0.4 miles east of the intersection of
Albany, Larimer
and Laramie
counties, or about 3/4
mile west of Harriman road along the state line(elevation 7450 ft) at
1857 UTC. Prior
to the
tornado, dense fog
shrouded the eastern slopes of
the Laramie
mountains, with visibilities almost zero at the Walno
residence
near the tri-county border. Wylie
Walno arrived home just
before the storm hit the area. He said that the
visibility
suddenly jumped from near zero to unlimited
as the storm passed to his north. He
could see low-hanging clouds
pass by.
Golfball sized hail also occurred at the Walno
residence. The first signs of tornado damage occurred at the
residence of
Richard Miller. Two trees on his property were downed and his garage
door was bent. Half dollar sized
hail also
occurred there. Immediately to the northwest, 20 ponderosa pines were
downed on the Claire Hoover farm as
the tornado passed
in between the house and a barn. Then the tornado toppled 4 more trees
on Belinda Scott's property.
A few trees
were downed on Wylie Walno's property on the periphery of the tornado.
The
tornado was apparently
fairly
small
at this point.
Storm relative velocity loop (1845 to 1934 UTC)
Reflectivity loop (1845 to 1930 UTC)
Fairly extensive tree
damage occurred just northwest of the initial
touchdown location as the tornado widened.
Peter
Hansen
reported to me that the
tornado downed trees for several miles on his property.
Tim Warfield told me that
there was
extensive tree damage on his land. Alan Romero indicated that the
extensive tree damage seemed to have
started about
1 to 1.5 miles south of Pumpkin Vine Road. This is about 2 miles
northwest of the tri-county border of
Albany,
Laramie and Larimer counties. Again, the tornado was fairly small
before this point.
By 1904 UTC
the tornado widened to over 1/4 mile and was climbing up the Laramie Ridge to 8000ft. Very old pines
that were
3 to 4
ft. in diameter were mowed down by
the tornado. Tom Nowak, Jim Price and another person were
putting fish into
Imson Pond in the dense fog with visibilities
near 100ft. Quarter to ping-pong ball sized hail chased them
to
their trucks. This
is a good thing since they were then hit by
the tornado. They described a frightening experience.
The
tornado buffeted their
vehicles. One truck contained a 1000 lb fish
tank. This truck rocked back and forth by the
tornado and
most of the
windows were smashed out. Another truck
was actually lifted off the ground and set back down,
with
windows knocked out as
well. A camper shell was
broken off one of the trucks and flung 1/2 mile to the south.
Debris
was flying everywhere
during the tornado including
picnic tables. Large trees were downed on both sides of
the road
near the pond. The tornado was located near Imson Pond around 1908 UTC.
Immediately after leaving
the pond, the tornado hit on Ramshord Rd. Ted Lewis measured 153 mph
winds on his Davis
Monitor
2. His house
faired fairly well even though huge pines were blown down. A 12 ft
aluminum boat was blown
500 yds. The
tornado
then hit the Paul Hanselmann house also on Ramshorn Rd. The front half
of his roof was blown
off, with
pieces of
it found
over 2 miles away. The back part of the roof was heavily damaged.
The Hanselmann house
was well
constructed with concrete-filed styrafoam and was reinforced with
steel rebar
anchored to the foundation.
After leaving
the Hanselmann house, the tornado moved over very rural territory for
several miles. But there was a
continuous damage path
all the way northwest to Overlook Rd, with
trees and fences downed all along the .6 to .9 mile
wide
path according to Bob Adams who documented the tornado. Along this
path the tornado climbed in elevation to
8500ft.
Major damage
occurred on West Vedauwoo road. The Gayle Wilson house was destroyed by
the tornado. The roof
was taken
off
and the walls collapsed. 2X4's from her roof were embedded in the
ground several feet. She told me this
was quite an
accomplishment since the ground is so hard(gravel-like) that it is
difficult to even dig a shovel into it. She
also reported
that
nails from her roof were embedded the wrong way into fence posts
500
yds away.
Ping-pong to
golfball sized hail occurred on Overlook Road and Howe Lane. A grove of
pines was downed by the
tornado on
Overlook Rd.
A tornado
moved across I80 southeast of Laramie around 1928 UTC, and then across
the far eastern and northeastern
part of
Laramie between 1930 and 1937 UTC. F1 damage
was done to several structures. The tornadic storm continued
to
the north-northwest through central and northern
Albany county. No tornado damage occurred, but
this area is very
rural. Given the fog,
it is possible that tornadoes
went unreported.
The
Harriman-Laramie tornado moved to the north-northwest at an average
speed of 47 to 50 mph. The heading of the
tornado was 320
degrees at the beginning of the path and 330 degrees toward the end. This was an exceptionally fast
moving
tornado by Wyoming standards. Typically the mid level flow (600-400mb)
over southeast Wyoming is
fairly
weak in
tornadic situations, hence strong right movement and
slow storm motion (10 to 30 mph). The fast storm
motion
on May 22 is
more typical in the southeast United States in
winter or early spring. The tornado path was continuous
for 18 miles
from west of Harriman to north of Overlook Rd, and possibly for 31
miles to north of Laramie. There is
a mountainous
area between Overlook Rd and Laramie where no people live.
A small
tornado apparently touched down 3 miles south of I-80 on Harriman Road
a little later in the afternoon from
another storm.
This
tornado moved to the north-northwest and downed trees in several
locations. Several trees were
downed 3 miles
south of I80 on Harriman Rd on the William Prince property with this
storm. They estimated winds
up to 80 mph.
An old log cabin was extensively damaged on
Crystal
Lake Road, with the roof blown across the road.
This tornado
continued north-northwest. A few trees were downed and shingles were
torn off a house. A heavy camper
was turned
upside down. This damage occurred
about 4 miles east-northeast
of Buford. Residents described this event
as a
mini-tornado. The tornado most likely started around 2120 UTC (320
pm MDT) and ended about 2137 UTC
based on
radar. This storm was not as strong as the Harriman-Laramie storm,
but still containted dime sized hail that
was
blowing horizontally at the William Prince residence. The southern
end of the storm was centered just east of
Wellington, CO at 2038 UTC, 6 miles east of Harriman at
2108 UTC, 3 miles west of Granite at 2129 UTC and 4
miles
west-northwest of Granite at 2137 UTC. The area southeast of
Granite to east of Harriman is completely devoid of
people. It is
possible that tornadoes occurred earlier with this storm. The path
of this tornado was very close to the path of
the April 23, 1960 tornado. It appears that the 1960 tornado path was about 1 to 2 miles west of this tornado, and about
4 to
7 miles east of the Harriman-Laramie tornado. The path of the 1960
tornado was drawn in 2000 with the help of
Walter
Ferguson whose family has resided in the region for several generations.
Another tornado apparently destroyed a barn 4 miles west of the
tri-county
border. Hail accumulated to a foot deep
in this area and
took 3 days to melt. I am still trying to confirm this tornado but the
area is very sparsely populated. The
same storm produced large amounts of hail west of Virginia Dale.
This storm was located 5 miles southeast of Virginia Dale
at 2012
UTC, from Virginia Dale to 4 miles northwest of Virginia Dale at
2025 UTC, 4.5 miles northwest of Virginia Dale
at 2029
UTC(6 to 8 miles west of Harriman) and 1.5 miles east of Tie Siding at
2038 UTC.
A terrain map
with the primary Windsor-Harriman-Laramie tornado paths can be found here.
A more zoomed in version
can
be found here. A terrain map with both Wyoming tornadoes plotted is here. The possible tornado that occurred
several miles
west of Harriman is not plotted here. Wylie Walno reported to me that
there may have been another tornado
that destroyed
a barn about 4 miles west of his house(or about 5 miles west of
Harriman). Interestingly, a severe storm did
move along
US287 from west of Virginia Dale to 6 or 7 miles west of Harriman
to just east of Tie Siding. But there is just
not enough
information thus far about this event to plot a damage path.
Meteorological Discussion
A deep upper
trough was digging into the intermountain west at 00 UTC May 22, 2008. 500mb winds of 100 kts on the
back side of
this trough were indicative of a deepening system. The 500mb height in
the center of the upper low was
550 dm over
central UT. The surface chart at 00 UTC showed a surface front
stretching from central LA into north TX
and then into
northeast NM and eastern Colorado. Only marginal moisture was in place
across western Kansas with surface
dewpoints in
the 50-55F range. However, rich moisture in the Red River Valley of
southern Oklahoma and north Texas
was poised to
make a fast return.
The 03, 06, 09 and 12 UTC surface charts show a strong surge of moisture through western Oklahoma, western Kansas
and eventually
eastern Colorado. By 03 UTC, 60-65F dewpoints were surging through
northwest Oklahoma and into the
eastern Oklahoma
panhandle. In fact by 06 UTC, 55-60F surface dewpoints were already surging into eastern Colorado.
By
09 UTC, the
dewpoint at Limon, CO was up to 58F, with 53-55F dewpoints along the
front range of northern Colorado.
Limon reported
overcast skies at 1800ft, which indicates the low level moisture was at
least 1800ft deep.
By 12 UTC the moist axis was located from southwest Kansas into eastern and northern Colorado and had shifted a little
to the
northeast since 09 UTC. The 12 UTC 500mb chart indicated strong cooling
since 00 UTC. The 500mb
temperature
was down to -14C at Denver. The pacific cold front had already
progressed through Albuquerque as seen on
the 700mb chart. The 700mb temperature was down to -1C at Albuquerque. Mid level cooling had obviously occurred
even ahead of
the front across the plains and at Denver.
By 15UTC, the warm front had progressed into central CO and western Kansas. Rich moisture was in place across
the front
range of northern CO with 54 and 55F dewpoints at Greeley and Akron
respectively. The surface theta-e axis
extended from
central Kansas into northwest Kanas to Woodrow and Greeley, CO. Strong
upslope flow was occurring
and rich
moisture was being transported into the Laramie Ridge and up the
Laramie mountains. A surface dryline was
beginning to
take shape from the western Panhandles to extreme eastern Colorado.
By 16 UTC, 55-56F dewpoints were noted as far west as Kersey and Boulder, CO, or just south and southwest of
Greeley.
Convective
clouds began to develop just south of the Denver International Airport
by 1620 UTC. This area of convection
developed into
a thunderstorm by 1640 UTC just north of the airport. The storm
was severe by 1650 UTC just west of
Hudson, CO.
The 17 UTC surface chart showed a T/TD of 70F/55F at Greeley, CO. Modifying the 18 UTC Denver
sounding with
these values yields 2800 j/kg surface based CAPE. The moist axis
extended all the way northwest to Red
Feather Lakes
and Crystal Lake, where the T/TD were 43F/43F at both stations.
Interestingly, the theta-e values were
the same at
these stations as Haigler, NE and Concordia, KS. T/TD values of 43F/43F at Crystal Lake and 47F/47F at
Harriman have
almost the same theta-e as T/TD values of 72F/61F at Emporia, KS
and 74F/61F at Chanute, KS. Table
3 shows temperature, dewpoint, mixing ratio, potential temperature and equivalent potential values for various sites
over the
plains. This is done to demonstrate that T/Td values cannot be used
without elevation to assess how "juiced up"
the surface
layer is.
Assuming
saturation, what T/TD would be required at sea level to achieve the
same theta-e as Harriman, WY? Since the
T/TD were
47F/47F at Harriman, a T/TD of 66F/66F would be required at 1000mb to
yield the same theta-e. Why is
this? To
understand this, let's look at the potential temperature and mixing
ratio's for both locations. For Harriman, the
potential
temperature and mixing raio was 89F and 9.2 g/kg. At 1000mb, a location
with T/TD of 66F/66F would have
a potential
temperature of 66F and mixing ratio of 13.8 g/kg. Thus, the
mixing ratio would be 50% lower at Harriman
than at the
sea level location. However, the potential temperature would be 23F
higher at Harriman. Thus the notion that
it was too
cool on the Laramie Ridge on May 22, 2008 for severe storms is
obviously misguided. In fact, it was warm
enough so that
the level of free convection was near the ground. This is despite
dense fog and actual temperatures
from 44 to
48F. Thus before drawing conclusions about the severe weather
environment, one should modify soundings
using actual
surface observations. Sometimes this requires the use of mesonet data
since surface observations are sparse.
Surface
theta-e continued to increase from 17 to 18 to 19 UTC. Tables 4 and 5 show temperature, dewpoint, mixing
ratio,
potential temperature and equivalent potential values for various sites
over the plains. Again, this is done to
demonstrate that
T/Td values cannot be used without elevation to assess how "juiced up"
the surface layer is. In Table 5
the theta-e
values between 330K and 335K are highlighted in red. The theta-e values from 330 to 335K are shown
in this
partially analyzed surface chart for 19 UTC.
At 19 UTC, two
mesonet observations and 1 cooperative observer location recorded
hourly temperatures. The temperature
was 47F at
Harriman (756mb), 48.5F at the cooperative observer site 7
miles east-northeast of Virginia Dale (767mb)
and 48F at
Lynch (762mb). These 3 observations lie along the same moist
adiabat as one would expect in moist
upslope
flow. So I
have fairly high confidence in the accuracy of these
measurements. Veta Mitchell, the cooperative
observer 7
miles
east-northeast of Virginia Dale provided me with the
hourly temperature measurements for her
location. The tornado
actually first
touched down about 2 miles
north-northwest of her house. So the hourly measurements
that she collected are
very useful in
determining surface based CAPE.
An important
thing to note is that a 47F dewpoint at Harriman actually has about the
same mixing ratio as a 54.5F dewpoint
at 1000mb. Of
course this assumes that the sea level pressure at Virginia Dale and
1000mb are similar. If the sea level
pressure is
higher at the lower elevation then the difference would be greater.
Also, even though 47F seems chilly, this
temperature at
7500ft actually lies along the same dry adiabat as 90F at 1000mb.
Since
visibilities were near zero before the storm, I am assuming
that dewpoints were equal to the temperatures. I
constructed
approximate soundings for these locations using the 18 UTC RUC
initialization and 18 UTC Denver sounding.
Of course, the
boundary layer had to be modified based on the surface observations. I modified using the 19 UTC
observations
since these are just prior to the tornadic storm. The
RUC soundings were more representative than the
NAM/WRF
soundings. The nam
soundings were superadiabatic near the surface and dry
adiabatic above the surface
layer.
This is not reasonable. The RUC
soundings were closer to moist adiabatic from the surface to
above
700mb.
The modified
18 UTC RUC soundings
yielded similar CAPE values to the modified 18 UTC Denver soundings. It
has
been
determined that the surface based CAPE was
1000-1300 j/kg near the beginning of the tornado path where
surface
measurements
were available. The theta-e
values at the three locations were almost identical.
Table 1 and
Table 2 show the surface based CAPE values for Harriman, Virginia
Dale and Lynch. Table 1 uses
the 18 UTC
Denver sounding while Table 2 uses the 18 UTC RUC initialization. These
are modified using the temperature
readings from
the 3 stations and assumes saturation (there was dense
fog).
The vertical
wind shear profile featured strong shear. The surface wind backed to
the northeast by midday at the mesonet
locations.
However, windspeed is not represented the same way at the mesonet
locations. For some hours the wind
speed was the
same as the wind gust while for other hours they were vastly different.
Also, some of the winds measurements
were
influenced by inflow into the storm. The pre-storm winds were probably
about 25 kts from the east-northeast or
northeast(060
deg at 25kts). Wylie Walno reported that the winds was about 20-30 kts.
For the winds above the surface
we used
the Medicine Bow and Platteville profilers as well as the 18 UTC
RUC. The wind just above the moist layer (600mb)
was about
140 deg at 55kts. So there was tremendous shear between the surface and
600mb (1.5 to 1.8 km agl). The 500mb
wind was from
150 deg at 55 kts while the 400mb wind was from 165 deg at 75 kts.
400mb is 4.4 to 4.7 km above the
surface, so
the shear from the surface to 4.5 km was about 80 kts.
Table 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| DEN 18 UTC modified |
Elev(ft) |
Pres.(mb) |
T(F) |
Td(F) |
MR(g/kg) |
theta(F) |
theta-e(K) |
CAPE(j/kg) |
| Harriman |
7450 |
756 |
47 |
47 |
9.2 |
89 |
332.5 |
1190 |
| Virginia Dale(7ene) |
7000 |
|
48.5 |
48.5 |
|
|
|
1217 |
| Lynch |
7200 |
|
48 |
48 |
|
|
|
|
Table 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| RUC 18 UTC modified |
Elev(ft) |
Pres.(mb) |
T(F) |
Td(F) |
MR(g/kg) |
theta(F) |
theta-e(K) |
CAPE(j/kg) |
| Harriman |
7450 |
756 |
47 |
46 |
9.2 |
89 |
332.5 |
1260 |
| Virginia Dale(7ene) |
7000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lynch |
7200 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 18 UTC Denver modified |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 19 UTC surface |
Elev(ft) |
Pres.(mb) |
T(F) |
Td(F) |
MR(g/kg) |
theta(F) |
theta-e(K) |
CAPE(j/kg) |
| Harriman |
7450 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1190 |
| Virginia Dale(7ene) |
7000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lynch |
7200 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Crystal Lake |
8620 |
724 |
43 |
43 |
8.2 |
92 |
331.6 |
|
| Red Feather |
8214 |
734 |
43 |
43 |
8.1 |
89.8 |
329.9 |
|
| Estes Park |
7700 |
745 |
53 |
46 |
8.9 |
98 |
337.5 |
|
| Table 3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 17 UTC |
Elev(ft) |
Pres.(mb) |
SLP(mb) |
T(F) |
Td(F) |
MR(g/kg) |
theta(F) |
theta-e(K) |
| Crystal Lake |
8620 |
724 |
986 |
43 |
43 |
8.2 |
92 |
331.6 |
| Red Feather |
8214 |
734 |
985 |
43 |
43 |
8.1 |
89.8 |
329.9 |
| Estes Park |
7700 |
745 |
983 |
53 |
46 |
8.9 |
98 |
337.5 |
| Harriman,WY |
7450 |
756 |
987 |
47 |
47 |
9.2 |
89 |
332.5 |
| Lynch,WY |
7200 |
762 |
987 |
46 |
46 |
8.7 |
86.7 |
329.9 |
Virginia Dale 7 ENE
|
7000 |
767 |
988 |
47 |
47 |
9 |
86.9 |
330.8 |
| Emkay,WY |
6720 |
774 |
989 |
49 |
49 |
9.6 |
87.6 |
333.1 |
| Cheyenne |
6140 |
789 |
987.7 |
48 |
47 |
8.8 |
83.5 |
328 |
Nunn
|
5650 |
804 |
986 |
51 |
51 |
10 |
83.8 |
331.8 |
| Wellington |
5300 |
813 |
985 |
55 |
54 |
11.1 |
86.3 |
336.5 |
| Briggsdale N |
5039 |
827 |
991 |
54 |
52 |
10.1 |
82.6 |
331.3 |
| Sterling |
3900 |
866 |
|
57 |
54 |
10.4 |
78.7 |
329.6 |
| Briggsdale S |
4838 |
833 |
991 |
55 |
54 |
10.8 |
82.6 |
333.3 |
| Greeley |
4700 |
835 |
984 |
64 |
55 |
11.2 |
91.7 |
340.2 |
| Akron |
4700 |
841 |
990 |
56 |
56 |
11.5 |
82.1 |
335.1 |
| Goodland |
3700 |
870 |
990.7 |
69 |
60 |
12.9 |
90.4 |
344.5 |
| MCcook |
2800 |
911 |
995.2 |
59 |
53 |
9.5 |
73 |
323.6 |
| Haigler |
3291 |
883 |
|
60 |
54 |
10.2 |
78.8 |
329.2 |
| OBerlin |
2736 |
911 |
|
59 |
55 |
11.4 |
73 |
325.7 |
| Saint Francis |
3350 |
881 |
|
68 |
55 |
10.6 |
87.4 |
335.8 |
| Hill City |
2600 |
918 |
995.5 |
65 |
58 |
11.3 |
78 |
332 |
| Concordia |
1500 |
948 |
1000.5 |
65 |
59 |
11.4 |
73.1 |
329
|
| Imperial |
3300 |
885 |
994.6 |
55 |
53 |
9.8 |
73.2 |
324.6 |
| OKC |
1230 |
951 |
997 |
81 |
66 |
14.6 |
88.8 |
348.5 |
| Chanute |
1000 |
967 |
1001.6 |
74 |
61 |
12 |
79.1 |
334.6 |
| Topeka |
890
|
972 |
1003.7 |
64 |
58 |
10.7 |
68.2 |
324 |
| Salina |
1280 |
957 |
999.1 |
67 |
59 |
11.3 |
73.6 |
329 |
| Emporia |
1170 |
960 |
1001.5 |
72 |
61 |
12.1 |
78.2 |
334.3 |
| Fairbury |
1500 |
950 |
1003.0 |
55 |
54 |
9.5 |
62.6 |
317 |
| Table 4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 18 UTC |
Elev(ft) |
Pres.(mb) |
SLP(mb) |
T(F) |
Td(F) |
MR(g/kg) |
theta(F) |
theta-e(K) |
| Crystal Lakes |
8620 |
723 |
|
43 |
43 |
8.2 |
91.7 |
331.4 |
| Red Feather |
8214 |
733 |
|
44 |
44 |
8.4 |
90.7 |
331.4 |
| Harriman,WY |
7450 |
755 |
987 |
47 |
47 |
9.2 |
89.3 |
332.7 |
| Lynch,WY |
7200 |
761 |
987 |
46 |
46 |
8.8 |
87 |
330.1 |
Virginia Dale 7 ENE
|
7000 |
766 |
987 |
48 |
48 |
9.4 |
88.1 |
332.7 |
| Emkay,WY |
6720 |
773 |
987 |
48 |
48 |
9.3 |
86.7 |
331.5 |
| Cheyenne |
6140 |
788 |
988.2 |
49 |
49 |
9.5 |
84.8 |
330.8 |
Nunn
|
5650 |
803 |
985 |
52 |
52 |
10.4 |
85.1 |
333.7 |
| Greeley |
4700 |
833 |
983 |
70 |
55 |
11.2 |
98.4 |
344.5 |
| Akron |
4700 |
840 |
989.7 |
57 |
56 |
11.5 |
83.4 |
335.9 |
| Goodland |
3700 |
870 |
990.7 |
64 |
59 |
12.4 |
85.2 |
339.7 |
| MCcook |
2800 |
911 |
996.2 |
61 |
56 |
10.6 |
75 |
328 |
| Hill City |
2600 |
918 |
994.3 |
73 |
62 |
13.1 |
86.2 |
342.4 |
| Concordia |
1500 |
948 |
1000.6 |
67 |
59 |
11.4 |
75.1 |
330.3 |
| Imperial |
3300 |
885 |
995.7 |
56 |
54 |
10.2 |
74.3 |
326.3 |
| OKC |
1230 |
951 |
996.2 |
86 |
67 |
15.1 |
93.9 |
353.4 |
| Chanute |
1000 |
967 |
1001.6 |
76 |
64 |
13.4 |
81.2 |
339.9 |
| Topeka |
890
|
972 |
1004.1 |
66 |
59 |
11.1 |
70.3 |
326.4 |
| Salina |
1280 |
957 |
998.6 |
73 |
61 |
12.1 |
79.7 |
335.4 |
| Emporia |
1170 |
960 |
1001.4 |
76 |
63 |
13.0 |
82.3 |
339.5 |
| Table 5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 19 UTC |
Elev(ft) |
Pres.(mb) |
SLP(mb) |
T(F) |
Td(F) |
MR(g/kg) |
theta(F) |
theta-e(K) |
| Harriman,WY |
7450 |
754 |
985 |
47 |
47 |
9.3 |
89.7 |
333.3 |
| Lynch,WY |
7200 |
760 |
985 |
48 |
48 |
9.5 |
89.4 |
333.6 |
Virginia Dale 7 ENE
|
7000 |
765 |
985 |
48.5 |
48.5 |
9.6 |
88.9 |
333.7 |
| Emkay,WY |
6720 |
772 |
986 |
49 |
49 |
9.7 |
88.2 |
333.8 |
| Cheyenne |
6140 |
787 |
987.7 |
50 |
49 |
9.5 |
86 |
331.7 |
Nunn
|
5650 |
803 |
983 |
52.5 |
52.5 |
10.6 |
85,6 |
334.6 |
| Wellington |
5300 |
812 |
983 |
58 |
56 |
11.9 |
87.9 |
341.1 |
| Briggsdale N |
5039 |
826 |
988 |
56 |
54 |
10.0 |
84.9 |
335.1 |
| Iliff |
3900 |
865 |
988 |
55 |
54 |
10.4 |
76.8 |
328.5 |
| Sterling |
3900 |
865 |
|
59 |
56 |
11.2 |
80.9 |
333.4 |
| Briggsdale S |
4838 |
831 |
988 |
58 |
55 |
11.2 |
86.1 |
336.8 |
| Greeley |
4700 |
833 |
983 |
66 |
55 |
11.2 |
94.1 |
341.9 |
| Akron |
4700 |
840 |
990 |
56 |
55 |
11.1 |
82.3 |
334.1 |
| Goodland |
3700 |
870 |
990 |
69 |
61 |
13.4 |
90.4 |
345.8 |
| MCcook |
2800 |
911 |
996 |
61 |
57 |
11 |
75 |
329.2 |
| Haigler |
3291 |
883 |
|
60 |
56 |
11 |
78.8 |
331.4 |
| OBerlin |
2736 |
911 |
|
61 |
58 |
11.4 |
75 |
330.4 |
| Saint Francis |
3350 |
881 |
|
68 |
57 |
11.4 |
87.4 |
338.1 |
| Hill City |
2600 |
918 |
994 |
78 |
63 |
13.6 |
91.3 |
347.2 |
| Kirwin |
2300 |
930 |
996 |
68 |
62 |
12.9 |
79 |
337.3 |
| Concordia |
1500 |
948 |
1000 |
71 |
61 |
12.2 |
79.2 |
335.3 |
| Imperial |
3300 |
885 |
995.5 |
57 |
56 |
10.9 |
75.3 |
329.1 |
| OKC |
1230 |
951 |
996 |
87 |
67 |
15.1 |
94.9 |
354.1 |
| Chanute |
1000 |
967 |
1001.5 |
78 |
65 |
13.8 |
83.2 |
342.3 |
| Topeka |
890
|
972 |
1003.7 |
69 |
58 |
10.7 |
73.3 |
327.2 |
| Salina |
1280 |
957 |
998.0 |
74 |
62 |
12.6 |
80.7 |
337.3 |
| Emporia |
1170 |
960 |
1000.7 |
80 |
64 |
13.5 |
86.3 |
343.5 |
| Fairbury |
1500 |
950 |
1003.0 |
61 |
59 |
11.4 |
68.9 |
326.1 |
| Superior |
1600 |
945 |
1001 |
60 |
58 |
11 |
68.4 |
325 |
| Scandia |
1450 |
949 |
1001 |
69 |
61 |
12.2 |
77 |
333.9 |
